Miley Cyrus †The Time of Our Lives free essay sample

Despite the fact that Im a person, I am a gigantic Miley fan. Also, for me, her most recent collection, â€Å"The Time of Our Lives,† didn't disillusion. All things considered, the CD is a to some degree unpleasant progress into the stone type that she needs to break into. With some shouting, a couple of grown-up words, integrated backup, and obviously the typical love tunes, â€Å"The Time of Our Lives† has a metal vibe to it. Be that as it may, the collection additionally serves to advance Mileys new line of dress. This collection didnt give me the genuine Miley vibe like her introduction CD, â€Å"Breakout.† As much as I love these tunes, I didnt feel that equivalent association. It didnt feel like these were her tunes. Truth be told, on the off chance that you take a gander at the credits, she didnt keep in touch with one aside from â€Å"Before the Storm† (with the Jonas Brothers). The single â€Å"Party in the USA† (that made number one on the Billboard Top 100 for eight straight weeks) is an incredible tune that will be played on the radio for a considerable length of time. We will compose a custom paper test on Miley Cyrus †The Time of Our Lives or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It is the melody she put the most heart into. In general the CD is engaging and an incredible speculation for Miley sweethearts, yet I wont publicity up â€Å"The Time of Our Lives† into something its not. I have faith in Miley, I love her music, and I cannot hold on to perceive what she has coming up for us next, however I trust that her next collection overwhelms every one of us.

Comparing Synge’s Riders to the Sea and Beckett’s Endgame :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Synge’s Riders to the Sea and Beckett’s Endgame 1 Introduction Riders to the Sea by John Millington Synge (1904) and Endgame by Samuel Beckett (1958) show numerous similitudes notwithstanding the momentous 50 years that spent between their long stretches of distribution. The comparative components (the setting, the connection of the characters to the outside world, and so forth., related in detail in the following area) appear to make an environment in the two works that is fit for the production of another folklore. Nonetheless, by isolating the genuinely present components from those which are evoked uniquely by words in the writings (deciding the A/B structure of the works), one of theâ€probablyâ€most significant contrasts can be found between the two plays: in particular, that while in Riders to the Sea, another legend is really being made, this demonstration of creation is absent from Endgameâ€possibly on the grounds that recently made fantasies (and qualities) are considered outlandish by Beckett in the light of the two World Wars of the twentieth century. Over the span of the article, it will likewise be recommended that this creation is, indeed, what characters (all the more explicitly, Maurya, Hamm and Clov) are for the most part sitting tight for; and that while the world-perspective on Synge’s play reflects, partially, the perspectives on target optimism, Beckett not just brings down the degree of vision to the abstract level, preventing the presence from securing a sou nd, worldwide control, yet additionally goes further to preclude the presence from securing any requesting power on the planet whatsoever. 1 2 â€Å"Outside of here it’s death† (Beckett 2:2475). Situations Fit for Myths It has been recommended commonly (for instance, Tokarev 1:12), that folklore was the primary instrument for the alleged ‘primitive’ societies to comprehend the encompassing scene. On the off chance that this is along these lines, at that point the world, in a pre-mythic or mythless state, must present itself as hazardous and unfathomable, as it really does in the two plays. In the two works, the setting is a room: â€Å"Bare interior† (2:2472) in Endgame, and a â€Å"cottage kitchen† (83) in Riders to the Sea, outside which room, in the two cases, lies the domain of (strict) demise. In Endgame, this is communicated straightforwardly, as Hamm announces regularly: â€Å"Outside of here it’s death† (2:2475) and â€Å"Beyond is the†¦ other hell† (2:2481), when feeling the divider that isolates the two spaces.

When Does Drug Use Become an Addiction

When Does Drug Use Become an Addiction Addiction Drug Use Print When Does Drug Use Become an Addiction? By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 03, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on May 28, 2019 Stockbyte / Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Drug addiction is a complex and chronic brain disease. People who have a drug addiction experience compulsive, sometimes uncontrollable, craving for their drug of choice. Typically, they will continue to seek and use drugs in spite of experiencing extremely negative consequences as a result of using. Characteristics of Addiction According to the American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM), addiction is characterized by:?? Inability to consistently abstain from the substance or rewarding experience (as in gambling, sex, or overeating)Impairment in behavioral controlCraving for the substance or rewarding experienceDiminished recognition of significant problems with your behavior and interpersonal relationshipsA dysfunctional emotional response Although the above five characteristics are usually present in most cases of addiction, ASAM noted that these five features cannot be used to diagnose addiction. Diagnosing addiction requires an assessment by a trained and certified professional. Talk to a doctor or mental health professional if you feel that you may have an addiction or substance abuse problem. The Alarming Signs and Symptoms of Addiction to Watch For Behavioral Manifestations of Addiction When friends and family members are dealing with a loved one who is addicted, it is usually the outward behaviors of the person that are the obvious symptoms of addiction. Those behaviors are primarily centered around the addicts impaired control:?? The excessive frequency of drug use in spite of attempts to controlIncreased time using or recovering from drug effectsContinued use in spite of persistent problemsA narrowing of focus on rewards linked to addictionAn inability to take steps to address the problems The Inability to Abstain Research has shown that prolonged drug use causes a chemical change in the brain of the addict that alters the brains reward system that prompts compulsive drug seeking in the face of growing negative consequences.?? This state of addiction, when the activity continues in spite of negative consequences and despite the fact it is no longer rewarding, is termed by addiction experts the pathological pursuit of rewards.?? It is the result of chemical changes in the reward circuitry of the brain. How Addiction Gets Started The reason that people engage in activity that can become addictive in the first place is either to achieve a feeling of euphoria or to relieve an emotional state of dysphoriaâ€"discomfort, dissatisfaction, anxiety, or restlessness.?? When people drink, take drugs, or participate in other reward-seeking behavior (such as gambling, eating, or having sex) they experience a high that gives them the reward or relief they are seeking. A high is the result of increased dopamine and opioid peptide activity in the brains reward circuits.?? But after the high they experience, there is a neurochemical rebound which causes the reward function of the brain to drop below the original normal level. When the activity is repeated, the same level of euphoria or relief is not achieved. Simply put, the person never really gets as high as they did that first time. Is Stress a Factor of Your Addiction? Lower Highs and Lower Lows Added to the fact that the addicted person  develops a tolerance to the highâ€"requiring more to try to achieve the same level of euphoriaâ€"is the fact that the person does not develop a tolerance to the emotional low they feel afterward.?? Rather than return to normal, the person reverts to a deeper state of dysphoria. When becoming addicted, the person increases  the amount of drugs, alcohol, or the frequency of the addictive behaviors in an effort to get back to that initial euphoric state. But the person ends up experiencing a deeper and deeper low as the brains reward circuitry reacts to the cycle of intoxication and withdrawal. When Reward-Seeking Becomes Pathological According to the American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM), this is the point at which the pursuit of rewards becomes pathological:Reward-seeking becomes compulsive or impulsiveThe behavior ceases to be pleasurableThe behavior no longer provides relief No Longer a Function of Choice To put it another way, the addicted person finds himself compelledâ€"despite his own intentions to stopâ€"to repeat behaviors that are no longer rewarding to try to escape an overwhelming feeling of being ill at ease but find no relief. According to ASAM, at this point addiction is no longer solely a function of choice.?? Consequently, the state of addiction is a miserable place to be, for the addict and for those around him. Chronic Disease and Relapses For many addicts, addiction can become a chronic illness, meaning that they can have relapses similar to relapses that can happen with other chronic diseasesâ€"such as diabetes, asthma,  and hypertensionâ€"when patients fail to comply with their treatment.?? These relapses can occur even after long periods of abstinence. The addict can take action to enter remission again. But he remains at risk of another relapse. The ASAM notes Without treatment or engagement in recovery activities, addiction is progressive and can result in disability or premature death.?? Why Addiction Is a Brain Disease and Not Just Bad Choices

Thomas Hobbes and the Social Contract Essay - 1300 Words

Thomas Hobbes was the first philosopher to connect the philosophical commitments to politics. He offers a distinctive definition to what man needs in life which is a successful means to a conclusion. He eloquently defines the social contract of man after defining the intentions of man. This paper will account for why Hobbes felt that man was inherently empowered to preserve life through all means necessary, and how he creates an authorization for an absolute sovereign authority to help keep peace and preserve life. Hobbes first defines the nature of man. Inherently man is evil. He will do whatever is morally permissible to self preservation. This definition helps us understand the argument of why Hobbes was pessimistic of man, and†¦show more content†¦That is the preservation of man’s own success. He states, â€Å"by force or wiles to master the persons of all men he can, so long till he see no other power great enough to endanger him. And this is no more than man’s(sic) own conservation requireth, and is generally allowed† (Hobbes, 1994, page 75). Hobbes states that with this singular rule to abide leads to three characteristics of outcome. That man first looks to invade and conquer through competition. He will look to go to war with anyone that gets in the way of a successful end. â€Å"Man is enemy to every man..(therefore) men live without other security† (Hobbes, 1994, page 76). The need to define man as a savage individual leads Hobbes to the Laws of Nature, and will help define the need authorizing an absolute sovereignty. Why is this information important? By defining the intent of man, Hobbes is setting up the need for absolute sovereignty to create a conducive community where man can live with others. If he can establish that man is inherently seeking only for himself, he can create the need for a ruling authority. Hobbes will have to establish a need for man to have to deal with others to live. He will have to come up with a way for man to need to enter an agreement, and the rules of such agreements. The Natural Laws and Contracts that Hobbes introduces that first a definition of man that leads to a conclusion toShow MoreRelatedThomas Hobbes And The Social Contract3563 Words   |  15 PagesThomas Hobbes (1588-1679), an English philosopher published the work, Leviathan, which proposed the concept of the social contract, in which societal assimilation mandates submission to authoritarian rule, with a relinquishment of certain rights, in return for protection and aid. Hobbes offered a foundation al premise for benefits that otherwise might be absent, if not for societal constructs. John Locke, another English philosopher published the Essay Concerning Human Understanding, which expoundedRead MoreSocial Contract Theory Thomas Hobbes2009 Words   |  9 PagesSocial contract theory, nearly as old as philosophy itself, is the view that person s moral and/or political obligations are dependent upon a contract or agreement among them to form the society in which they live. The Social Contract is largely associated with modern moral and political theory, and is given its first full exposition and defense by Thomas Hobbes in his piece, Leviathan. After Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau are the best known proponents of this influential theoryRead MoreAn Outline of Thomas Hobbes Social Contract1395 Words   |  6 PagesOutline Hobbes theory on the social contract giving details on what he believed was needed to maintain it. I will attempt to answer this question by initially explaining what Hobbes view on humanity was, since these views were what caused him to write his theory on the social contract, quote part of what he wrote regarding the subject and what it means in laymans terms What Hobbes believed: Thomas Hobbes, a 17th century British philosopher, had a rather pessimistic (but, in my opinion,Read MoreThomas Hobbes And The Social Contract Theory1088 Words   |  5 PagesConstitution has been kept the same. The Leviathan, Two Treatises, and the Declaration of Independence serve as underpinnings of the Constitution to keep and protect our freedoms. Thomas Hobbes wrote the Leviathan in the early 1640 s. Hobbes Leviathan played a part of social contract theory. The social contract theory is a voluntary agreement among individuals that which organized society is brought it into being and invested with the right to secure a mutual protection and welfare to regulateRead MoreEssay on Thomas Hobbes Social Contract Theory982 Words   |  4 PagesIn Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes lays out the hypothetical principal of the state of nature, where human it-self is artificial. It is human nature that people will not be able to love permanently, everyone against everyone power between the strongest. In this nation-state you must be the strongest in order to survive (survival of the fittest). In order to survive there are laws we must follow, to insure of our security because of fear. We were able to suppress our fear, by creating order, to have moreRead MoreEssay on Thomas Hobbes and the Social Theory Contract597 Words   |  3 PagesPhi losopher, Thomas Hobbes and the Social Theory Contract for a clear understanding of the issues. The Social Contract Theory is the basis for the Declaration of Independence and the guiding theories for the Unite States Government as well as many other governments, such as the European Union, England and France, to name a few. The theory is about why people choose to give us some of their rights and powers in order to form a government. That government has a series of purposes. Thomas Hobbes theorizedRead MoreThomas Hobbes Social Contract Theory Essay895 Words   |  4 PagesThomas Hobbes creates a clear idea of the social contract theory in which the social contract is a collective agreement where everyone in the state of nature comes together and sacrifices all their liberty in return to security. â€Å"In return, the State promises to exercise its absolute power to maintain a state of peace (by punishing deviants, etc.)† So are the power and the ability of the state making people obey to the laws or is there a wider context to this? I am going to look at the differentRead MorePolitical And Social Contract Theory By Thomas Hobbes951 Words   |  4 PagesSocial contract theory refers to the view that peoples’ political and moral obligations are contingent on an agreement or contact among them to constitute a wholesome society where they can live in harmony. It is often associated with contemporary political and moral theory and was given the first comprehensive exposition by Thomas Hobbes. Hobbes was fearful of man’s violent and lawless nature, perhaps due to his experience during the Puritan revolution. He was of the conviction that self-preservationRead MoreThe Social Contract Theories Of Thomas Hobbes And John Locke1210 Words   |  5 PagesMahogany Mills Professor: Dr. Arnold Political Philosophy 4 February 2015 Compare and contrast the social contract theories of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke In the beginning of time, there was no government to regulate man. This caused a burden on society and these hardships had to be conquered, which is when a social contract was developed. The social contract theory is a model that addresses the questions of the origin of society and the legitimacy of the authority of the state over an individualRead MoreThomas Hobbes and John Lockes Varying Presentations of the Social Contract Theory1499 Words   |  6 PagesBoth Thomas Hobbes and John Locke are well-known political philosophers and social contract theorists. Social Contract Theory is, â€Å"the hypothesis that one’s moral obligations are dependent upon an implicit agreement between individuals to form a society.† (IEP, Friend). Both Hobbes and Locke are primarily known for their works concerning political philosophy, namely Hobbes’ Leviathan and Locke’s Two Treatise of Government. Both works contain a different view of a State of Nature and lay out social

Cultural Attitudes Regarding Social Policy - 1874 Words

Cultural attitudes regarding social policy often change with time. One of the best ways to analyze the changing culture of a society is by examining the progression of its laws. The laws governing marijuana have varied widely throughout the history of the United States. Tracking the path of laws regarding marijuana is a demonstrable example of social change; those laws having gone from one extreme to the other and back. There has been a fundamental change in cultural attitude regarding the legalization of marijuana. Examples of this shift can be seen by examining the history of marijuana before it was illegal, why the laws changed to make in illegal (even a felony), the change in attitude, the racial aspect, modern legislation,†¦show more content†¦Hemp was allowed to be exchanged as legal tender in Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Maryland†(2) . Following the Mexican revolution of 1910, Mexican immigrants flocked to the U.S. and introduced the recreational use of cannabis by smoking its leafs. They called the substance marijuana. The fear and prejudice about the Mexican immigrants became associated with marijuana. Anti-marijuana campaigns were initiated in the 1920s for many reasons. Newspaper industry executive, William Randolph Hearst, felt threatened that the supply of hemp, which was a cheaper and stronger fiber than paper, would undercut paper prices. Hearst, in addition to being a newspaper executive, had financial holdings in timber, the main component of paper. He used negative propaganda published in his newspapers to create public fear. The claim that Mexicans were committing crimes and attributing it to their marijuana use was a result of the propaganda, shifting the cultural attitude against marijuana. By the 1930s. unemployment caused by the Great Depression, increased the outrage toward the Mexican immigrants, as they usurped ever shrinking number of American jobs. The fact that the Mexicants were associated with marijuana use resulted in a negative public impression. In 1936 the infamous anti-marijuana movie Reefer Madness was released. The film depicts a group of teenagers smoking marijuana and proceeding to do mischievous acts from a hit and run accident, to manslaughter, suicide,

Wensha vs Yung Case Digest Free Essays

G. R. No. We will write a custom essay sample on Wensha vs Yung Case Digest or any similar topic only for you Order Now 185122 August 16, 2010 WENSHA SPA CENTER, INC. and/or XU ZHI JIE, Petitioners, vs. LORETA T. YUNG, Respondent. A petition for review on certiorari under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court filed by an employer who was charged before the National Labor Relations Commission (NLRC) for dismissing an employee upon the advice of a Feng Shui master. Facts: Wensha Spa Center, Inc. (Wensha) in Quezon City is in the business of sauna bath and massage services. Xu Zhi Jie a. k. a. Pobby Co (Xu) is its president,3 respondent Loreta T. Yung (Loreta) was its administrative manager at the time of her termination from employment. Loreta recounted that on August 10, 2004, she was asked to leave her office because Xu and a Feng Shui master were exploring the premises. Later that day, Xu asked Loreta to go on leave with pay for one month. She did so and returned on September 10, 2004. Upon her return, Xu and his wife asked her to resign from Wensha because, according to the Feng Shui master, her aura did not match that of Xu. Loreta refused but was informed that she could no longer continue working at Wensha. That same afternoon, Loreta went to the NLRC and filed a case for illegal dismissal against Xu and Wensha. Labor Arbiter (LA) Francisco Robles dismissed Loreta’s complaint for lack of merit. He found it more probable that Loreta was dismissed from her employment due to Wensha’s loss of trust and confidence in her. NLRC affirmed in its Resolution,9 citing its observation that Wensha was still considering the proper action to take on the day Loreta left Wensha and filed her complaint. CA reversed the ruling of the NLRC on the ground that it gravely abused its discretion in appreciating the factual bases that led to Loreta’s dismissal. The CA noted that there were irregularities and inconsistencies in Wensha’s position. Issue: Whether or not petitioner Xu Zhi Jie is solidarily liable with Wensha. Ruling: Loreta’s security of tenure is guaranteed by the Constitution and the Labor Code. Under the security of tenure guarantee, a worker can only be terminated from his employment for cause and after due process. The records are bereft of evidence that Loreta was duly informed of the charges against her and that she was given the opportunity to respond to those charges prior to her dismissal. If there were indeed charges against Loreta that Wensha had to investigate, then it should have informed her of those charges and required her to explain her side. Wensha should also have kept records of the investigation conducted while Loreta was on leave. The law requires that two notices be given to an employee prior to a valid termination: the first notice is to inform the employee of the charges against her with a warning that she may be terminated from her employment and giving her reasonable opportunity within which to explain her side, and the second notice is the notice to the employee that upon due consideration of all the circumstances, she is being terminated from her employment. This is a requirement of due process and clearly, Loreta did not receive any of those required notices. Nevertheless, the Court finds merit in the argument of petitioner Xu that the CA erred in ruling that he is solidarily liable with Wensha. Elementary is the rule that a corporation is invested by law with a personality separate and distinct from those of the persons composing it and from that of any other legal entity to which it may be related. â€Å"Mere ownership by a single stockholder or by another corporation of all or nearly all of the capital stock of a corporation is not of itself sufficient ground for disregarding the separate corporate personality. In labor cases, corporate directors and officers may be held solidarily liable with the corporation for the termination of employment only if done with malice or in bad faith. Bad faith does not connote bad judgment or negligence; it imports a dishonest purpose or some moral obliquity and conscious doing of wrong; it means breach of a known duty through some motive or interest or ill will; it partakes of the nature of fraud. In the subject decision, the CA concluded that petitioner Xu and Wensha are jointly and severally liable to Loreta. We have read the decision in its entirety but simply failed to come across any finding of bad faith or malice on the part of Xu. There is, therefore, no justification for such a ruling. To sustain such a finding, there should be an evidence on record that an officer or director acted maliciously or in bad faith in terminating the services of an employee. Moreover, the finding or indication that the dismissal was effected with malice or bad faith should be stated in the decision itself. How to cite Wensha vs Yung Case Digest, Essay examples

Orgin Of The Korean War Essays - Member States Of The United Nations

Orgin of the Korean War Orgin of the Korean War When someone mentions the Korean War, everyone knows that it was a civil war between the North and the South Korea. But many don't know how it actually got started. There are a lot of things that happened before the North Koreans decided to cross over the 38th parallel. The Korean civil war was just a small part of the whole war. The war also included more than just Koreans, like other countries such as Japan, China, Russia, and the United States. In the nineteenth century, Korea was just a small peasant society that paid tribute to the Chinese. But when the Russian and Japanese imperialism made a huge effect on the China, Korea was looked at differently. By the end of the century, Korea had become a prize in a three-way contest between China, Russia and Japan. In 1894, Japan defeated China, thus eliminating them from the contest. Then in 1905, Japan defeated Russia, making them the dominant power in Korea. In 1910, Japan took over Korea and made them into a Japanese colony. After struggling for forty years as a Japanese colony, Korea now had to struggle as a pawn in the newly created Cold War. The Americans decided to land troops to occupy Korea at the end of the war as soon as they found out that the Russia was interested in overtaking the Korea as their sphere of interest. The Soviet Union's occupying Korea would create and entirely new strategic situation in the Far East. Though the Pentagon decided that interest towards Korea was not going to be a long-term interest to the US, their view changed drastically within three weeks. On August 10, 1945, dropping of the Nagasaki bomb finalized the participation of the US occupation in Korea. Unexpected by the United States, the Soviet Union agreed to accept the 38th parallel as their limit of advance. Russia and the United States met in Potsdam and decided that it would be for the best if they were to accept the surrender of the Japanese forces in Korea by dividing the country at the 38th parallel. Korea had unexpectedly found themselves separated. North Korea was now set up to work as a satellite state for China and South Korea was to become a free nation prepared by the United States. By the year of 1950, the North Korea People's Army was trained and equipped by the Soviet Union. North Koreans were now heavily trained and now had an aggressive military force. They were well equipped with Russian small arms, artillery, armor, and fighter planes. By 1950 the balance of power was moved drastically towards the North Koreans, making the South Koreans in a venerable situation. The North Koreans had the South outnumbered in every type of military force. North Korea decided to unify Korea by direct military action hoping that the United States would not interfere. North Korea felt that the United States would have too much too lose by interfering, so they went and decided to confront South Korea. During the period of June 15th through the 20th, the North Koreans secretly moved close to the 38th parallel. North Korean Forces invaded Republic of Korea territory at 4 a.m., crossing the 38th parallel. By 9 a.m. the city of Kaesong was captured with some ten North Korean tanks participating in the operation. From the nature of the attack and the manner in which it was launched, it constituted an all-out offensive against the Republic of Korea. When the North Korean troops crossed the 38th parallel on the 25th of June, it was more than just a struggle amongst Koreans. It was actually a clash between Russia and the United States. This war lasted until the year of 1953, finally coming to an end with the General Mark W. Clark signing the armistice. The Korean War wasn't just a war that was between North Korea and South Korea. There were many different influences that led to the crossing of the 38th parallel by the North Koreans. When you break down the Korean War and see it for what it actually is, you can have a better understanding of what happened that led to the crossing of the 38th parallel on June 25, 1950. Though the actual civil war only lasted for 3 years, you have to take into account that it was the territorial fight against the other counties such as Japan, China, Soviet Union and United States that led to the civil war on the June 25, 1950. The whole war

Present Participles in Spanish Known as Gerunds

Present Participles in Spanish Known as Gerunds The Spanish verb form equivalent to -ing verbs in English is known as the present participle or gerund. The gerund always ends in -ando,  iendo, or rarely -yendo. The Spanish gerunds are used much less than the -ing verbs of English, however. Conjugating Spanish Present Participles The Spanish present participle of regular verbs is formed by removing the -ar ending and replacing it with -ando, or by removing the -er or -ir ending and replacing it with -iendo. Here are examples of each of the verb types: hablar (to speak) - hablando (speaking)beber (to drink) - bebiendo (drinking)vivir (to live) - viviendo (living) The verbs that have irregular present participles almost always use the same -ando and -iendo endings, but they have changes in the stems. For example, the present participle of venir (to come) is viniendo (coming), and the present participle of decir (to say) is diciendo (saying). To prevent awkward spellings, a few verbs use a -yendo ending in the participle instead of -iendo. For example, the present participle of leer (to read) is leyendo (reading). Using Gerunds for the Progressive Tenses As a beginning Spanish student, the way you are most likely to use the present participle is with the verb estar (to be) to form what is known as the present progressive tense. Here are some examples of that usage: Estoy estudiando. (I am studying.) Est lavando la ropa. (He is washing the clothing.) Estamos comiendo el desayuno. (We are eating breakfast.)   Here is the present-tense indicative conjugation of estar combined with a sample present participle to form the present progressive tense: yo - Estoy escribiendo. - I am writing.tà º - Ests escribiendo. - You are writing.à ©l, ella, usted - Est escribiendo. - He/she/you is/is/are writing.nosotros, nosotras - Estamos escribiendo. - We are writing.vosotros, vosotras - Estis escribiendo. - You are writing.ellos, ellas, ustedes - Estn escribiendo. - They/you are writing. The same can be done with other tenses and moods. Although it isnt necessary to learn these yet if youre a beginner, here are some examples to demonstrate the concept: Estarà © escribiendo. - I will be writing.Espero que està © escribiendo. - I hope youre writing.Estaba escribiendo. - I/you/he/she was/were writing. The progressive tenses are used less in Spanish than they are in English. As a general rule, they place an emphasis on the continuing nature of the action. For example, the difference between leo and estoy leyendo is roughly the difference between I am reading and I am in the process of reading. (Leo can also mean simply I read, indicating a habitual action.) Present Participles Used Mostly With Other Verbs One of the major differences between the present participles in English and Spanish is that while the English present participle can frequently be used as an adjective or a noun, in Spanish the present participle is nearly always used in conjunction with other verbs. Here are some examples of the present participle in use: Estoy pensando en ti. (I am thinking about you.)Anda buscando el tenedor. (He is walking around looking for the fork.)Sigue estudiando los libros. (She keeps on studying the books.) Haces bien estudiando mucho. (Youre doing well by studying much.) At this stage, you do not need to analyze these sentences or understand the details of how the present participle is used. Note, however, that in all these examples the gerund is used to indicate some form of continuing action, and that it can be translated using an -ing verb (although it doesnt have to be). Cases where you wouldnt use the Spanish participle to translate an -ing verb include instances where the English present participle is used as a noun or adjective. Note these examples: Ver es creer. (Seeing is believing.)Tiene un tigre que come hombres. (She has a man-eating tiger.)Hablar espaà ±ol es divertido. (Speaking Spanish is fun.)Me gusta comer. (I like eating.)Comprà © los zapatos de correr. (I bought the running shoes.) Also note that while in English we can use the present progressive tense to refer to a future event (as in We are leaving tomorrow), that cant be done in Spanish. You must use either the simple present tense (salimos maà ±ana) or a future tense (saldremos maà ±ana or vamos a salir maà ±ana).

Are You Making This #1 Amateur Writing Mistake

Are You Making This #1 Amateur Writing Mistake Are You Making This #1 Amateur Writing Mistake? Are you looking for the secret sauce that will turn you into a bestselling author? After 21 New York Timesbestsellers, I can tell you there is no shortcut. But writers still often ask meforthat Yodaesque bit ofwisdom â€Å"you’d give me if you could tell me only one thing†¦Ã¢â‚¬  So here it is:Avoid on-the-nose writing. It’s no magic bean but if you geta handle on this amateurwriting pitfall, you willinstantly outpace 99% ofyourcompetition. Though it might sound like something positive, on-the-noseis a term coined by Hollywood scriptwriters forprose that mirrors real life without advancing your story.This is one ofthe most common mistakes I see in otherwise good writing. No one chooses to write this way, but even pros fall into it unaware. It hasnothing to do with one’s ability to put together a sentence, a paragraph, or even a scene.The amateur writer may even have a great idea, know how to build tension, and have an ear for dialogue. On-the-nosewriting reads like this: Paige’s phone chirped, telling her she had a call. She slid her bag off her shoulder, opened it, pulled out her cell, hit the Accept Call button, and put it to her ear. â€Å"This is Paige,† she said. â€Å"Hey, Paige.† She recognized her fiancà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s voice. â€Å"Jim, darling! Hello!† â€Å"Where are you, Babe?† â€Å"Just got to the parking garage.† â€Å"No more problems with the car then?† â€Å"Oh, the guy at the gas station said he thinks it needs a wheel alignment.† â€Å"Good. We still on for tonight?† â€Å"Looking forward to it, Sweetie.† â€Å"Did you hear about Alyson?† â€Å"No, what about her?† â€Å"Cancer.† â€Å"What?† Here’s how that scene should be rendered: Paige’s phone chirped. It was her fiancà ©, Jim, and he told her something about one of their best friends that made her forget where she was. â€Å"Cancer?† she whispered, barely able to speak. â€Å"I didn’t even know Alyson was sick. Did you?† Trust me, not one reader is going to wonder how she knew the caller was Jim. We don’t need to be told that the chirp told her she had a call (duh), that her phone is in her purse, that her purse is over her shoulder, that she has to open it to get her phone, push a button to take the call, put the phone to her ear to hear and to speak, identify herself to the caller, be informed who it is†¦you get the point. If you’ve fallen into on-the-nose writing (and we all have), don’t beat yourself up. It showsyou have the ability to mirror, real life. That’s nice. Now quit it. Leave that to the people who are fine with amateur writing. Separate yourself from the competition by noticing the important stuff. Dig deep. Go past the surface. Mine your emotions, your mind and heart and soul, and remember what it felt like when you got news like that about someone you deeply cared about. Don’t distract with minutia.Give the readers the adventure they signed up for when they chose to read your story.Take the readerwithPaige when she says: â€Å"I need to call her, Jim. I’ve got to cancel my meeting. And I don’t know about tonight†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Now that’s a story I’d keep reading. Wouldn’t you? How will you avoid this amateur writing mistake in your next story? Tell me in the comments section. Ill respond more quickly than you might think.

Nursing Leadership College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nursing Leadership College - Essay Example This being a very reasonable business strategy, hospitals have downsized their nursing staff. The registered nurse-patient ratio is definitely decreasing at this time when there are more patients who are sicker. Registered nurses are thus required to delegate nursing tasks as more health care facilities utilize UAPs to attempt to resolve cost-containment issues. Delegation is defined as the process of transferring a specific task to be performed in a situation to another competent individual (Delaune & Ladner, 2006). However, the ultimate responsibility and accountability of the patient's health care still lies on the registered nurse. It is only the task that is delegated, not the responsibility (Delaune and Ladner, 2006). UAPs are allowed to perform nursing procedures provided that it is under the supervision of a registered nurse but the nurse is still accountable for this delegation (Best, Cohen, Dykes, Fredrick, & Heller, 2000). There are only a number of procedures that are allowed to be delegated to UAPs. More invasive procedures and procedures that require the nurse's professional judgement may not be delegated. An argument, however, still remains of whether this strategy is really cost-efficient than having more registered nurses in the staff. Nurses develop judgements using critical thinking to determine what to observe directly or indirectly for patient responses to come up with the proper nursing diagnosis and plan of care. This is one of the many reasons why even the most experienced and most competent UAP cannot measure up to even a new nurse ("Nurisng Legal Issues," 2006). The strategy of replacing registered nurses to UAPs may be cost-effective for the hospital. However, the quality of care that patients receive may be compromised. As there are more patients and lesser nurses, the practicing registered nurses are more tired and stressed. In addition to having more patients, these nurses have the additional responsibility of supervising the UAPs under their wing. If these unlicensed assistants make any mistake and compromise the health of a patient, it is the nurse who is still accountable. The use of unlicensed assistants helps the hospital in their cost-cutting ordeals, but does not help the nurse or the patient. If any, it only gives the nurse more workload and responsibility, and less personalized attention and care for patients. The utilization of UAPs would be more efficient if there are still more nurses. On the other hand, administrators claim that having more UAPs would relieve nurses of menial tasks such as taking temperatures, changing bedpans and feeding patients so that they can concentrate on assessment and devicing the plan of care (Gordon, 1995). This, however, redefines the nursing process to a kind of dettached and impersonal care, and cuts off the importance of the relationship that is built by the nurse with the patient to give utmost personalized care. The American Association of Nurse Attorneys has proposed that only the UAPs who have undergone competent training and evaluation be allowed to practice alongside nurses (The American Assoc

Swan lake Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Swan lake - Essay Example The performance seemed to have been based on expression of the early and the late 1800’s Romantic ballets. The actors’ body movements, their facial expressions as well as the performance costumes, perfectly matched those that were used in during the era of Romantic Ballets of the 1800’s. Apart from the costumes, facial expressions and body movements, the actors also had facial and body make-ups that gave the Swan Lake performance a mood of the late and the 1800’s where, majority of the actors were women, with sharply painted lips, properly defined and eyebrows. On the other hand, men were also decorated with different make-ups that defined their age differences as well as social status. Additionally, the performance had a perfectly coherent classical background music that gave its audience various moods. The music generally gave a feeling of sadness added by the sad facial expression exhibited by some of the actors. In terms of lighting, the performance involved the use of different lighting colors, basically indicating the different moods of the idea passed across by the actors. The lighting was properly integrated with the background music in the sense that when, the music played at a faster frequency, a different background light was flashed. The performance had a happy ending, usually evident in most love stories. This is another feature that gave it a feel of the Romantic ballets that were common in the early and the late 1800’s. In as much as the performance had various features associated with Romantic ballets, the there was too much use of certain colors specifically, the white color that was used majorly by the lady actors. This color was too conspicuous and created a sense of boredom. In addition, there were some dull colors used by the male actors that made the performance quite dull and boring, thus reducing the overall quality of the performance

The Transition from Analog Television to Digital Television :: Expository Essays Research Papers

The Transition from Analog Television to Digital Television The transition from analog television to digital television is an issue that is becoming more and more prevalent today. In 1996 the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) ruled that until 2006 or when digital television reaches 85 percent of all American households (whichever comes later) broadcasters can keep their analog spectrum free-of-charge. They decided that after that all television broadcasts must be made digital(Leopold). While this seemed like a great plan in 1996, it was later realized that it would take much longer for the transition to be complete due to many factors. The digital evolution began to transpire on November 1, 1998. Since then there have been many other forms of digital technology adopted by our society and digital television quite possibly is next. â€Å"The speedy conversion to digital technology will have profound interest benefits, permitting efficient spectrum use, optimizing the development of new technologies and services to consumers, and fostering diversity and competition(FCC). What are the advantages of Digital Television? Overall there are many advantages to digital television. The point to creating digital television is to receive digitally encoded broadcasts. These digital broadcasts are more picture perfect and have more lifelike sound than analog television. In an analog system the waves are modulated into mechanical form and transmitted through air or over cable. In a digital system sound and images are analyzed first then converted into a stream of numbers. Digitized information is transmitted in this system, not mechanical waves(Johnson). Comparing Resolutions: Analog TV Resolution: 480 interlaced lines, which means that half the screen is refreshed at a time. Digital Television Resolution: 480 progressive-scan lines, which means that the entire screen is refreshed at the same time. Digital signals convert regular signals into strings of ones and zeros, which is much more efficient than analog signals. Broadcasters can maximize their use of channel space because digital signals carry significantly more information than analog signals. Several digital programs and services can be sent in the space occupied by a single analog channel. The result of this is that the consumer is provided with more channel choices(FCC).

Can Prison Deter Crime? Essay

â€Å"Danbury wasn’t a prison, it was a crime school. I went in with a Bachelor of marijuana, came out with a Doctorate of cocaine† – George Jung The above quote was given by notorious international drug lord, and one of the most successful career criminal of modern times, George Jung, when discussing the flaws of the modern penal system. While subsequent to this original incarceration, George did also frequently state that he would never allow himself to be detained in prison again, it is obvious that the very mechanism intent on deterring him from such deviance instead served as a stepping stone in the advancement of his criminal career (Porter, 1993). This double edged effect of the detainment of criminals, identified above, brings into question the effectiveness of the most widely recognised method of dealing with criminal activity of modern times. The physical confinement of deviants in society can be traced back to the writings of Plato discussing prisons in ancient Athens. Likewise, archaeologists and historians have combined to describe the ‘Great Prison’ of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom (Morris & Rothman, 1 998). The modern model of the prison that we would know today, with prison acting as a mechanism at the disposal of the court to a significant extent, is actually relatively young with its origins traced back a mere 300 hundred years to Western Europe and the United States (Coyle, 2005). In the 18th century, the Quakers developed this idea of transforming the prison into a sanctuary for reformation, whereby a criminal would be transformed through isolation, forced labour and religious instruction (Kontos, 2010). Though the methods and motivations of this incarceration have changed over time, the sheer longevity of employing physical detention as a response to behaviour deemed unacceptable by greater society, pays testament to its undeniable rational. Despite general acceptance of this method across the centuries, questions of its effectiveness as a deterrent of criminal activity have become prominent in more modern times with emphasis on rehabilitation rather than punishment and retribution now evident. In this essay I will attempt to address some of these questions beginning with an overview of societies changing motivations for and expectations of this system. Following this, I will then give an overview of the arguments that say prison simply does not effectively act as a deterrent towards crime. To provide an unbiased balance to the piece, I will then give account of the counter arguments to this, which take the more traditional view of prison still serving its purpose in society. Finally, I will conclude by briefly giving my own opinion on the issue with relation to referenced arguments. Motivations for/ Expectations of Prisons While it is generally accepted that the presence of the prison as a tool of the criminal justice system as a whole has a positive effect as a deterrent towards crime, there is little evidence to suggest that marginal changes of the inner workings inside the prison has any effect as to the level of this deterrence (Morris & Rothman, 1998). This fact would suggest that a debate into the motivations and therefore nature of incarceration is meaningless, since it is only the basic denial of physical liberty that appears to be relevant. Despite this, I feel it is important to understand the fundamental motivational factors of society behind the prison and how that affects its workings. After all a lack of clarity of direction and conflicting ideologies can have negative effects, only condemning further the failures of the prison system. The functions of the modern day prison can be divided into three main sections which I will now briefly discuss: Retribution/Punishment: Punishment would seem the most obvious function of a prison and indeed the Criminal Justice Act 2003 states: â€Å"The court must not pass a custodial sentence unless it is of the opinion that the offence†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..was so serious that neither a fine nor a community sentence can be justified for the offence† (Criminal Justice Act 2003; In; Coyle, 2005; 12) The more sever the crime the greater the level of punishment, without mention of mental state or rehabilitation. Indeed you, often hear of people criticising that a criminal â€Å"got off† with community sentences or a fine. Other public criticism also lies in the treatment of detainees while in prison. Frequently, it is argued that prisoners are treated too well in prison, with the modern prison often being equipped with TVs and other such luxuries. While the use of a TV does not have any effect on the rehabilitative effects and does not cause any greater risk to the law abiding public, it is simply this idea tha t one must be punished in prison as retribution for the crimes they committed. Indeed there could be argued a rational for such punishment to ensure acceptance of the system by society, for if victims feel that these criminals have got off too lightly they are more likely to exact their own revenge, leading to even more law and disorder. As well as ensuring a public acceptance of justice, a direct link is often made between a greater the level of punishment providing a greater deterrent to potential perpetrators. A short sentence in a comfortable prison would not provide the same deterrent to commit crime as a long sentence in an uncomfortable prison. Additionally, prior to imprisonment, the probability that one could be sent to prison for committing a crime must be weighed up against the length and standard of sentence to ensure deterrence. For example, 0.0001% of perpetrators being sent to a sub standard South American labour camp for 40 years might not have the same effect as 99% of prisoners being sent to a more comfortable prison for 6 months. This being said a correlation between punishment and deterrence can at times defy logic with Eysenck using the example of countrie’s murder rates not being related to whether or not they employ the death penalty (Eysenck, 1964). With the civilization and democratization of modern societies, naturally, more severe punishments such as corporal punishment or labour camps are now being less utilised. A mentality of men coming to prison as a punishment rather than men coming to prison to be punished has now developed (Coyle, 2005). Foucault described this transition from torture to incarceration as born out of sympathy for the tortured bodies of offenders (Kontos, 2010) With the detention in prison now being the punishment itself, issues such as sentence length are now paramount in providing an adequate deterrent. Reformation: This idea of prison as a place of reform grew from the 19th century onwards and the notion can be seen as attractive on many accounts. Firstly, it provides great justification for sentencing for both the judicial system and society as a whole, providing a moral high ground that the punishment model does not. In this model criminals are seen as a minority who display traits that distinguish them from greater society. Most crime is seen as being committed by this minority and therefore the reformation of this group will lead to a significant reduction in crime. Criminals are not seen as victim of circumstances, but rather have underlying traits which can be altered, meaning criminals can be released back into the same circumstances as a functioning member of society. The principle that humans can be encouraged to alter their behaviour is a sound one however it could be argued that the prison is not the venue for this to occur (Morris & Rothman, 1998). Foucault again summarizes the issues well saying that personal change comes from personal choice and cannot be forced upon someone (Coyle, 2005). Difficulties can arise from indecision as to the exact purpose of prisons when sentencing length reflects desire for punishment, while incarceration reflects desire for reform. Short term sentences provide little use for character reform and therefore little justification for prison. This being said if one is to remain in prison for a period of time it would seem rational that efforts would be made to reform the character regardless (Kontos, 2010). Public Protection/Incapacitation: It is undeniable that at least for the period that a criminal is in prison the greater public is protected from them, by virtue of the fact they are physically unable to commit crime. Due to the nature of short sentences and the negative impact prison can have on a young criminal’s propensity to crime, this protection can prove very limited. Rather than deterring crime, from this perspective, prison simply makes it impossible for criminals to commit crime for the periods which they are incarcerated. A criminal’s life career follows a relatively predictable cycle. Criminals tend to be most active from mid to late adolescence until their late twenties. Gradually they become less active in their early thirties and this propensity virtually disappears by their mid thirties (Morris & Rothman, 1998). In many facets of crime, repeat offenders commit small offences and therefore are given short sentences, meaning they are soon once again capable of committing crimes, leaving society exposed. This issue was addressed in the first half of the 20th century implementing preventative detention when dealing with repeat offenders. Additional time was put on top of the standard sentence for repeat offenders preventing them from reoffending. However, this form of sentencing was seen as unjust and quickly abandoned (Coyle, 2005). Now that we have established society’s motivations behind prison and the deterring effect they have on crime, we will now examine the argument that prison in fact does not deter crime and in many cases can even encourage it. Prison Doesn’t Deter Crime There are several factors which contribute to an actor’s propensity to crime both before initial imprisonment and after. This distinction between before and after initial imprisonment is important due to the high rates of re-imprisonment in Ireland. If prison is to be found to deter crime directly, then interaction between prisoner and prison should address these issues. The first factor which affects an actor’s propensity to commit crime is the personality of the criminal. There are two types of personality defects which can lead to an actor: psychological and psychopathic. For criminals with psychological issues, the factors behind the criminal’s first and second or third offence are likely to be the same. Factors can be a range of issues, from addiction to a mental health disorder such as paedophilia. Simple punishment methods that may deter â€Å"normal† actors do not apply here and a lack of treatment or adequate rehabilitation would simply lead to co nvictions on a regular basis. This then brings into question the levels of rehabilitation in prisons in order to deter future offences. As already mentioned, prison is far from the ideal venue for mental health improvement or treatment and relapse-prevention programmes have not proven successful (Eysenck, 1964). Psychopathic traits can be defined as â€Å"an individual whose character traits deviate so far from the culturally accepted norm that he finds difficulty in conforming to ordinary social demands† (West, 1963; 60). Psychopaths show numerous symptoms such as childlike tantrums, sporadic violence, a lack of social learning and emotional indifference (lack of remorse or guilt) (West, 1963). Again, to deter such deviants, treatment is needed which perhaps would be more suitable to a mental hospital rather than an institution based on the Quakers fundamental premise of isolation and hard labour. Contrary to logic the actual experience inside prison itself can also prove to increase ones propensity to commit crime. Though some authors (Saunders & Billante, 2002) do argue that increasing committals does reduce crime, and the unprecedented 20 year reduction in crime combined with an equally unprecedented rise in prison population does give them ammunition. Many preachers of this high imprisonment rate model blatantly disregards trends in other countries citing the undeniably extraordinary figures in the U.S. as undisputable evidence. However, even in countries as close to the US as Canada, flaws have already begun to emerge with Piche stating that â€Å"the use of imprisonment has failed to enhance public safety in locations that have shifted towards a mass incarceration model† (Piche, 2010; 23). Many would argue that young offenders, who so often enter prison for short sentences resulting from minor offences, come out of prison more devious criminals then when they went in. A young troubled youth who has already become involved in minor crime enters into a system where he is forced to socialise with more hardened criminals, often with gang affiliations. With much crime being affiliated with drugs and gang affiliation, immediately the young criminal becomes much more likely to reoffend due to his apparently rehabilitative stint in prison with prison acting as a recruitment agency for gangs (Rogan, 2011). Potentially a young criminal who entered prison for a relatively minor offence can leave prison with criminal underworld ties, gang affiliations and the pressures to commit crime that come with that. Additionally, after this initial incarceration the young criminal is then known to the authorities and is then more likely to be caught committing crime. While it could not be said that entering prison for a short stint is an incentive to commit crime, it could certainly not be seen as a deterrent for an already delinquent juvenile (Rogan, 2011). While the deterring effect of prison does stretch far beyond the small minority who are at some stage committed to prison, the fact that most recorded crime, warranting incarceration, is committed by a small minority would suggest that greatest deterring affects could be had by at least reducing inmate’s propensity to crime. This prison link between prison and gangs and drugs cannot be over emphasised. Drugs are seen as a leading factor of crime, both as users and dealers. On average it is said that drug users will have contact with the criminal justice system at least once a year. This effect can be direct or indirect. Schleslinger found that while many burglars are drug and alcohol dependent only a small minority have been actually intoxicated during the burglaries, meaning an indirect affect (Schleslinger, 2000). Schleslinger also found a strong relationship between crime and drugs and concluded that someone who became involved in the criminal lifestyle was likely to become involved in substance abuse. It would appear that the prison creates an environment where a troubled youth who is struggling to find direction is given every opportunity to fail in the prison environment. Prison Does Deter Crime Despite the fact that it has been found that over half of those released from prison will be re-imprisoned within four years there are those who act as advocates for prison as a mechanism of deterrence towards crime and they are not without convincing statistics of their own (O’Donnell, 2005). In the late 20th century two major policy changes occurred that coincided with the greatest decrease in crime in modern history in the US, and more specifically the pioneering state of New York. Firstly, the revolutionary â€Å"Broken Windows† theory was developed and implemented in New York. Secondly, a conscious decision was made to ensure that more offenders would end up in prison, where before alternative sanctions would have been implemented. The rationale behind this second shift was based on academic literature in the field of economics rather than sociology and a brief overview of this argument provided a brief summary of why prison deters crime economically. The piece, originally written in the 1960’s by Chicago economist Gary Becker, suggested that crime, like any other business, was the result of a calculation between benefits vs. risks/cost. From this Becker reasoned that by changing this calculus, by causing the risks and costs to outweigh the benefits, the rate of crime could be decreased (Saunders & Billante, 2002). Much discussion developed out of Becker’s argument, and though it was not agreed by everyone that all criminals were in fact rational utility maximisers, eventually from this it was decided that to increase cost and risks in this equation firstly they must increase the probability of being caught and second ensure that offenders saw prison time as a result of their actions. Funding was increased to ensure capture and conviction and new policies were implemented to increase the severity of penalties resulting in both high prison rates (doubling from 1970-1980 and again doubling from 1981-1995) but also drastic decreases in crime outlined below (Morris & Rothman, 1998).

Analysing The Leadership Of Virgin Group Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3531 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Case study Did you like this example? In the past 20 years Richard Branson had extended his Virgin brand from one business of a magazine called student to distinct businesses like airline, trains, mobile phone, broadband, cola, bridal wear, financial services, retail chain, jeans, cars, and books. Branson started with a magazine with name of Student when he was 16 years age in January 1968. He was successful in selling its 50,000 copies at that time. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Analysing The Leadership Of Virgin Group Business Essay" essay for you Create order (virgin, 2011) Later he quite the study and make it a fulltime job. In 1970 he started a mail-order company with name of Virgin that was name which now grow today in a big business empire. Virgin now a day is fast expanding business in world in many sectors from airline to broadband services. It is considered as worlds most respected and leading brand. Sir Richard Branson started what started in 1970 it is now a success empire of multi-businesses. It is dealing with 300 brands, more than 50000 employees and 11.5 Billion Pounds business currently. (virgin, 2011) In this study we are going to see how things are being managed at leadership levels by Richard Branson and his team for virgin group and how it is leading towards success of business. This report focuses on finding such theories, models of leadership that can be learned from virgin to put these for success of other organizations we will also find how Sir Richard Branson is dealing his own way to this group and how he is mak ing progress in his business. In this study we will see the progress made by Virgin and later we will make analysis of approach adopt by Virgin and other in same industry. We will also look at Sir Richard Branson leadership style and will try to find some suggestion of improvement for Virgin in future times at end of our study. Virgin Success Model Virgin under Sir Richard Branson claims that they are difference maker in the world. For that they are trying to innovation in their ways to get higher in competitive advantages and in their diversity. They introduce virgin as a brand that stands for quality, innovation, competitive challenge, fun and value for customers money. They have good research and analysis system that help them in starting anything new. They claim that they put same shoe of customers to walk on the street of purchasing and utilizing things before going into a start. (Bartholomeusz, 2011) They work as trend setter in the market rather than being just followers. They deeply focus on their competitors approach and then develop a strategy that comes with better results. They make sure they are adding some values to any brand. They focus on risk and rewards. They are very much selective and careful in appointing their staff and management team. They even for Human resources went into joint-ventures with other companies to get maximum inputs and knowledge from skilled market. They have diverse approach with diversity in their products and services with bunch of variety in it. They are very much concern about their market and ways into that market. All this is lead by Sir Richard Branson. The power of virgin is hiding with leadership style of Richard Branson who is good in his ways and style. His reputation, network, partners and management brought him to this level as it mentioned on their by company itself. They got rid of bureaucratic ways of management and replaced it with competent self motivated management that is capable of dealing with situation their selves most the times instead looking for directions upwards every time as it is in every bureaucratic structure. They work as team as family even within their businesses and within the group of this brand virgin. There are some time certain problems for that their system provides a solution based leadership and at the top is Rich ard himself working like a good skilled leader and manager. Everything they try is customer feedback based and makes right guidelines for them every time when they miss something. Here is list of business under this group (virgin, 2011) :- Virgin Atlantic Airways, hello Gorgeous Virgin Blue (airline with its name as Virgin Blue, Virgin America, V Australia) Virgin Holidays ( Virgin Holidays + Hip Hotels, Virgin Holidays Cruises, Virgin Limited Edition, Virgin Vacations, Blue Holidays) Lifestyle (Virgin Active UK) Virgin Wines (Australia) Virgin Active (Australia, Italia, Portugal, South Africa, Spain) Virgin Experience Days Virgin Racing Virgin Trophy Virgin Mobile (Australia, Canada, France, India, Qtels, South Africa, UK and USA) Virgin Media Virgin Produced Virgin Money ( UK, Australia, South Africa, Money Giving) Virgin Earth Challenge Virgin Green Fund Virgin Unite (NGO) Virgin Megastore (music and entertainment) Virgin R adio International Virgin Festivals We can see how diverse market virgin have to deal under leadership of Richard Branson. This kind of divers, spread and wide business required higher levels of leadership with commitments to deal with it effectively that Richard is doing over the years. Leadership in any Organization has some specific focal point on administrative leadership as whole in that organization and it tries to fill the gap of academic management theoretical study and its practical implication on bases of real life situations. Here we will find what kind of approaches, theories and models are in practice with in leadership concept in business world. There are numbers of models and theories in leadership study, here are some of these mentioned under (associates, 2011) :- Appreciative Inquiry Attributes of Management Excellence Attribution Theory Bases of Social Power Beyond Budgeting Centralization and Decentralization Change Approaches Change Behaviour Change Equation Change Management Change Phases Changing Organization Cultures Charismatic Leadership Coaching Competing Values Framework Contingency Theory Core Group Theory Crisis Management Cultural Dimensions Cultural Intelligence Culture Levels Dimensions of Change Dimensions of Relational Work Emotional Intelligence EPIC ADVISERS ERG Theory Expectancy Theory Five Disciplines Force Field Analysis Forget Borrow Learn Framing Functional Leadership Groupthink Growth Phases Hagberg Model of Personal Power Hierarchy of Needs Inspirational Leadership Instrumental Approach of Stakeholder Theory Intrinsic Stakeholder Commitment Leadership Continuum Leadership Pipeline Leadership Styles Leadership Styles Level 5 Leadership Leveraged Buy-out Levers of Control Management Buy-out Management by Objectives Managerial Grid Managing for Value Mento ring Moral Purpose Normative Approach of Stakeholder Theory OODA Loop Organizational Configurations Organization Chart PAEI management roles Parenting Advantage Parenting Styles Participative Leadership Path-Goal Performance Prism Portfolio Analysis POSDCORB Positive Deviance RACI (RASCI) Result Oriented Management Results-Based Leadership SECI model Servant-Leadership Seven Habits Seven Signs Of Ethical Collapse Seven Surprises Situational Leadership SMART Social Intelligence Spiral Dynamics Stakeholder Value Perspective Strategic Intent Strategic Stakeholder Management Hence we will look some good models and theories among all above for that we select three which are more comprehensive in their approach. Part One (a) 1: Theory of Needs by David McClelland The human motivation is comprises of three main needs: 1 need for achievement 2 need for power 3 need for affiliation. This theory of needs was given by American psychologist David McClelland based on work of Henry Murray that was done in 1938. In 1961 he stated that the motivation of an individual can result from three dominant needs: the Need for Achievement, Power and Affiliation. (Pattanayak, 2005) Every person wants to achieve certain goals in his or her life that are very important to that person in the life. Some time they look for success and positive feedback from others. They look to widen themselves and to avoid risks situations. They mostly try to avoid low-risk because they want to attained success easily. While in some high-risk projects all achievers look the outcome as chance not the as a result for their efforts. They love to work their selves alone or some time with some other person with high achievements. McClelland believes about these people that those are always the best leaders with some tendency of higher demands from their staff. They are result driven in their approach. They seek higher personal relations and look for acceptance from others. They also tend look same kind of norms from their work group. They struggle to create and maintain relationships with higher level of trust and good mutual understanding. They always prefer cooperation on competition. According to McClelland they perform in customer service and dealing clients very well. McClellands this concept is also take as Acquired Needs Theory, the Learned Needs Theory, and Three Needs Theory. 2: Management by Objectives: (SMART) by Drucker In this theory main focus is on defining main objectives for organisations employees and later directing their performance according to these objectives. Peter Drucker presents it in his work The practice of Management as Management by Objectives in 1954. (Hurd, 2008) Management by objectives relies on focusing and defining the objectives for every employee and making their performance according to these objectives. The major aim is to increase performance in the organization through matching organizations goals and employees goals. Employees are given main identity and acknowledgement in this system. Purpose is to involve evry one in the organisation rather than focusing and giving importance to top managers. This way all mangers start from their levels and they later contribute on top level in planning and implementations. Principles of MBO:- 1 flow of organizations goals and objectives 2 Specific objectives for every member 3 Participation in decision making 4 Explicit time period 5 timely performance evaluations with proper feedback. Management by Objectives is having a method for development called SMART method this SAMRT is taken from * Specific * Measurable * Achievable * Realistic And * Time-related. This method of checking MOB is effective to keep organisation and staff on right direction always. 3 Centralization and Decentralization By changing the ways of decision making at authority levels and by corresponding organizations structure effectively higher goals can be achieved. All organizations have to make many strategic and many of the operational decisions. The question is who makes these decisions and at what level. In normal bureaucratic structure decision are always made by top management. Thus this system holds the time and makes slow of process and sometimes delays the required decisions. This is called centralisation and in Decentralisations thing is decided at implementations level other than any change required in policy which is changed at top management levels this makes things done in swift way. (Pride, 2009)Thus Centralization is process of transferring and passing on decision making authority at higher levels of hierarchy in organization. In a centralized organization decision are made at higher levels. Most the knowledge and information about organisation lie at top levels and are sha red according o need at lower level. Decentralization, is process of transferring and passing on decision making authority at levels of hierarchy in organisation. In a decentralized organization decision are made at lower levels and they are informed to higher levels for records. Most the knowledge and information about organisation lie at lower levels and are shared according to need at top level also direction are taken when those are required. Part one (b) Implementation of models at Virgin and others Branson believed in the best communication through setting an example by the leadership. Staffs need to have a role model whom they can follow. Branson being a reel from traditional management structure and systems adopted a diverse approach that compromising all three models mentioned in our study previously. We will look into these at virgin by Branson and at other businesses in same industry like Sir Terry Leahy ways in managing of Tesco and Keith Rupert Murdoch of sky group one by one. Theory of Needs As mentioned above this theory is based on three main needs of need for achievement, need for power and need for affiliation. Richard Branson as young man was searching for all these and thus he focused on achieving these targets as soon as possible. For that purpose he started his magazine student. With early sales he generated lots of business and set virgin company. Later years he expanded it in diverse business, looking for these set targets of needs. He also made his company according to this principal of human needs and set a trusted mechanism for every employee in virgin business. As mentioned by David McClelland he creates a higher level of the motivation for an individual in his organisation to bring results from the satisfaction of these three dominant needs: the Need for Achievement, Power and Affiliation. He knows well that every person wants to achieve certain goals in his or her life that those are very important to them. That also need support from organisation to give room to everyone to show capabilities and get rewards, thats what virgin follows as a strategy in their businesses. He like McClelland believes that people have great capabilities if they are given proper training and chance to put their efforts in it. That is resin virgin have this kind of set up that supports these basics. On other hand if we see the TESCO and Sky they have different approach their business than what Richard brought to Virgin. (Telegraph, 2011) They have more tight control over things their corporate ways are not fit into need based theory but they have adopted some other ways to groom their corporate business. That reason that TESCO and Sky look more tight business in their terms and they sometime re hit by losses. When staff dont feels part of being into teams and they feel just as working brains and hands unlike the people who work at Virgin who look the Virgin as their life part due to its benefits that it is giving to them. 2: Management by Objectives At virgin this model is followed completely as organisation focuses on its objectives and makes employees get their targets set accordingly. They have to adjust things both way first company tries to accommodate employees objective and makes such corporate strategy that helps staff in achievement of their objective s and policies are supportive to employees in their growth. While employees are also expected to go with the broader objective s of company and be loyal to the company objective. It is in many studies that virgin having higher level of such loyalty from staff. Virgin ensures that there is enough support for employees identity and acknowledgement in their system. Purpose is to involve everyone in the organisation rather than focusing and giving importance to top managers. This way all mangers start from their levels and they later contribute on top level in planning and implementations. Virgin follows all principles of MBO like flow of organizations goals and object ives at all levels is ensured, there is set of specific objectives for every member, there is higher level of participation in decision making by staff, There is certain time span for targets and everything is based on time and feedbacks. Virgin also makes policies and targets based on SMART approach. Making all targets and objectives Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time-related. If we compare this with TESCO and Sky they also have this approach in their business and they try to keep them on this way of management by objectives. (mandmgloba, 2011) All three companies are doing well on it but it is fact that the way Virgin is following this rule is different from others two and they are doing remrably well in their performance compare to others two. Other two have huge investments supports but still if we compare the returns over investments Virgin is making ahead. While this approach of Management by objective is adopted by all these mega businesses in their st rategy of dealing things in their business. 3 Centralization and Decentralization There is beautiful balance of centralisation and decentralisation at Virgins Group this was attained through by changing their ways of decision making at authority levels and by corresponding organizations structure effectively higher goals can be achieved. All decisions are made according to need and capacities. There is more freedom at lower levels in Virgin as Virgin leadership believes in human potential. Thus they avoid unnecessary delays in decision at implementation levels. On the other hand the concept of centralisation in TESCO (Hiscott, 2010) and at Sky is more tight than Virgin. Their decentralisation approach is some time affected by the ways of decentralisation for short times. They were failing to develop such kind of trust over their managers that the staffs of Virgin enjoy. The team building and degree of freedom for performance according to your skills is very high at Virgins comparing to TESCO and Sky. Both are facing good competition in their related product and services with Virgins. As three of them are into media, mobile industry and service providing in different sectors. Part Two Sir Richard Branson leadership style. If we deeply study the style of Mr Branson he is a dynamic leader that always looks higher towards major goals in life. For that he adopts couple methods like Theory of needs, MOB and balanced centralisation and decentralisation. He more focuses on brand value of his company. He has very simple ways of living, he believes in enjoying life and sharing it with others. He is man of his own choices he choose what he liked instead of looking into his background on that business and he made success. He always bucking his team on different occasions as he wants them feels that he is with them in all matters. He has developed a culture at Virgins that cannot be found in many organisations. All employees of Virgin are invited to show and perform their capabilities. He is innovative person with many qualities of leadership in business that reason his company is expanding over the years. HE has invested his own rule for all this and put all his efforts as success that way. He is able to id entify many hurdles and made much better than his compotators. He has given his employees great independence in work as he also welcomed them for fast promotions over the time. He has idea that anyone can took over the top in his company if they show such kind of commitments. Virgins all success in days of 1970s and 1980s is result of Bransons unusual way and management style that was corner stone on all this business and his corporate norms were different form the system that was existing at that time. He stopped wearing traditional businessmen suit and tie instead he use to wear a sweater and slacks. He uses technologies effectively compare to other and enjoy his holidays and dealing everything on phone, fax and internet. He gives his subordinates more freedom to work their tasks. He believes everyone wants to deal with top person so he provides his managers to deal with him directly. He gives his staff high performance incentives and he relies on his team. He also adopted a te chnique through which he have divided his company tasks into multi unit operations. His companies are connected with each other very well and some time supports each other. Most important is that he always encouraged to his employees go and do some innovation and take more risks instead of being in fear with failure risks. He is famous for his risk taking ability and habit. He normally emphasise on the importance that a service should bring for customers for the value of their money. He is skilled with troubleshooting and making new projects. His motto is to create such companies only in which he himself believes. Part Three Proposals for development Virgin group have their own ways of developing people it is the best way for them to carry things as Mr Branson himself was doing. As he can himself aware fully that every individual unlike his educational background have such capabilities that can make businesses grow remarkably. There should be a system of skill promotion based on theory of needs for the staff. It should more focus on hidden capabilities of people who are working in Virgin and those are trying to attain higher professional success though their hidden skills. There should be culture of responsibility in the company where people do feel their own responsibility instead of every time supervisors are making them to perform their duty. This thing can be brought when people feel trust by the supervisors to make decisions and do things on their own within certain limited that is secure. The group is already doing well by providing people innovative ways to show their skills while they are working with the company. Th ere should be continue system of need based development and a balanced central and de-central approach. Things for Virgin unlike other business are very much bright as they have diversity if businesses. As Branson believed in aligning his company HR department with the values of company he is more conscious about his brand value. He also makes smart decisions when picking people for any task as if they have same bend of mind that is company value it would be easier for them to do best in their job. Virgin has a diverse approach so they dont have any set traits for any person to become employee at Virgins. However they use to select people who are ready to take responsibility in their own and can work hard. Main focus they always have is aligning with customers need and wants. Thus company has created its value in the business and market and made his brand as symbol of success and trust.